Abstract The flotation mechanism of galena with xanthate as the collector is generally explained based on the mixed potential of the pulp, in which an anodic electron transfer reaction from the collector to the mineral is combined with an O2 cathodic reduction. Sodium sulphide, often used as a mineral activator, strongly influences the pulp's mixed potential, and depending on the dosage applied, it can become a galena depressor reagent. In this way, the current study assesses galena flotability in the absence of collector, as well as in the presence of the collector potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) and sodium sulphide. The effect of an extremely cathodic potential was also studied through the addition of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the effect of different stages in the oxidation of the galena surface on the flotability was investigated. Moreover, the zeta potential was measured and contact angle (wettability) tests were carried out. The contact angle measurements were taken for a distilled water, PAX solution and for a mixture of PAX and sodium sulphide solution on the oxidized and non-oxidized surface of galena. All the results showed that galena could be floated in all the PAX concentrations tested. It was observed that a moderate oxidation in the galena surface may contribute to an improvement of its flotation with PAX. However, extremely anodic and cathodic potentials cause flotability close to zero. The zeta potential results showed that sodium sulphide affected the interaction between PAX and galena. The measurements of the contact angle corroborated the results obtained in the microflotation tests. pulp O reduction activator pulps s applied reagent way (PAX peroxide investigated Moreover wettability (wettability out water nonoxidized non tested However zero

Abstract Geopolymers are amorphous silicate polymers that have been extensively studied due to their applications, scientific and technical relevance, and their potential as cement in substitution to Portland. Much of the focus has been in the use of precursors and aggregates that are rarely pure and homogeneous with the use of tailings being very common. The presence of these impurities complicates the interpretation of some spectral methods, mainly infrared spectrometry. Therefore, this research focuses on the use of a nearly pure kaolin main precursor, having only a trace of iron and titanium, along with other almost pure reagents, to achieve an ideal geopolymer. It was possible to produce metakaolinite, resulting in a material with a good size particle (8.24µm) and surface specific area (6.57m2/g). The XRD result shows that the calcination process resulted in 100% of amorphous material. FTIR data revealed the presence of H2O and NaCO3 in the geopolymer. More important, the Si-Al-O various bands located between 1100 and 500cm-1 validate the polymerization reaction effectiveness. SEM-EDS analyses have demonstrated that the reaction with Na2SiO3 and NaOH were nearly complete, concerning the finer metakaolinite particles that comprised the material’s matrix. However, the coarser metakaolinite lamellae, in the 15-35µm range, did not react completely; a thin border layer was enriched with sodium and most of the interior material maintained its Si-Al-O composition. The presence of traces of iron and titanium did not influence in the polymerization reaction. Compressive strength values of the geopolymer have presented good values in the range of 25 to 35 MPa.

Abstract The transport capacity of long-distance slurry pumping systems is directly related to the roughness of the pipe. In this context, corrosion plays an important role, especially when dealing with old pipes. Chemical, mineralogical and microstructural analyses were performed on materials removed from the internal surface of an iron ore slurry pipeline in order to access their composition and to check if they were a result of internal pipeline corrosion. This pipeline has been operating since 1977. It was found that the tubercles formed on the internal wall of the pipe presented botryoidal magnetite as their essential composition. As the amount of magnetite is very low in the transported slurry and magnetite with botryoidal morphology is not present in the processed iron ore, it was concluded that this magnetite is a result of a corrosion process occurring on the internal wall of the pipeline.

As camadas de fosfato do tipo hopeíta, nas quais o zinco é parcialmente substituído por outros metais, como manganês e níquel, são de grande interesse para a indústria automotiva e de eletrodomésticos. Essas indústrias utilizam aços galvanizados, fosfatizados e pintados com eletropintura cataforética. Os fosfatos de zinco modificados com manganês e níquel são isomorfos com a hopeíta, e de difícil identificação usando-se a técnica de difração de raios X. Nesse trabalho, as camadas de conversão de fosfato foram identificadas usando-se a espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR).

Hopeite-type phosphate coatings in which zinc is partially replaced by other metals like manganese and nickel are of great interest for the automotive and home appliance industries. Such industries use phosphate conversion coatings on galvanized steels in association with cataphoretic electropainting. Zinc phosphates modified with manganese and nickel are isomorphic with the hopeite, and the phase identification using X-ray diffraction is difficult. In this paper, the phosphate coatings are identified using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

A pesquisa de fontes diamantíferas primárias no Brasil iniciou-se na década de 1960, culminando com a descoberta da mineralização no kimberlito Canastra-1, que representa a primeira fonte primária com teores economicamente viáveis do país. O kimberlito aflora na região da Serra da Canastra, nas cabeceiras do rio São Francisco. A intrusão é constituída de dois blows alinhados segundo NW-SE, o trend estrutural da região definido em metassedimentos do Grupo Canastra. O blow menor (NW), quase circular e com ±0,8 ha de área, possui teores desprezíveis em diamantes. O outro (SE), com quase 1 ha, é mineralizado a um teor médio de 12-18 ct/100 t de rocha. Variações significativas também são verificadas em relação às fácies petrográficas do kimberlito, homogênea no blow NW, enquanto a SE é heterogênea, ocorrendo a mistura de várias fácies. A curta distância entre os blows (<40 m) pressupõe que ambos se juntem em profundidade, constituindo, então, apófises da mesma intrusão. A química mineral dos indicadores revelou forte semelhança com alguns corpos kimberlíticos africanos diamantíferos. Dados obtidos na lavra experimental indicaram uma qualidade excelente para os diamantes do kimberlito, estimando-se um valor médio em torno de US$ 180-200/ct.

The research on the primary diamond sources in Brazil started in the 1960 years and had its highest achievement with the discovery of the mineralized Canastra-1 kimberlite which is the first Brazilian primary deposit having economic contents. This pipe surfaces in the Serra da Canastra (Canastra Range) near the sources of the São Francisco River. The intrusion is made up of two blows lined along NE-SE, which is the region's structural trend defined in the metasedimentary rocks of the Canastra Group. The smaller blow is nearly circular with an area of approximately 0.8 ha and has only negligible diamond content. The SE blow has almost 1.0 ha and is mineralized with an average content of 12 to 18 ct/100 tonnes of rock. There are also significant differences in the petrographic facies of the two bodies, which is homogeneous in the NW blow while the SE blow is heterogeneous, with the occurrence of a mixture of several facies. The short distance between the blows justifies the assumption that they join in depth, therefore being apophyses of the same intrusion. The mineral chemistry of the indicators showed a strong resemblance with some diamondiferous African kimberlites. Data from experimental mining indicated an excellent quality for this kimberlite's diamonds, with US$180-200/ct estimated average value.

Um dos maiores problemas enfrentados na clínica ortodôntica é a dificuldade de higienização em função da presença do aparelho fixo e seus componentes. Associado muitas vezes à pouca colaboração do paciente, o tratamento ortodôntico pode criar condições para a perda de estrutura mineral do esmalte, refletida por manchas brancas e até cavitações nos casos mais severos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade do verniz fluoretado como método preventivo na clínica ortodôntica. Assim, procurou-se investigar o aspecto do esmalte dental adjacente aos acessórios ortodônticos, bem como determinar o conteúdo dos elementos cálcio, fósforo e flúor nas superfícies tratadas com o verniz em comparação com um controle. Os resultados mostraram, por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, o produto reacional (semelhante ao fluoreto de cálcio) decorrente da aplicação local. A espectrometria de raios X por dispersão de energia mostrou ainda ter havido maior teor de cálcio e flúor no esmalte tratado. Conclui-se que o verniz fluoretado pode efetivamente conferir proteção ao esmalte dental, durante os desafios cariogênicos, tendo indicação para o emprego nos pacientes em tratamento ortodôntico.

Poor oral hygiene has been considered one of the main problems routinely faced in the orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic appliance creates an environment that provides mineral loss from the dental enamel. Such condition is clinically seen as white spot lesions and cavitations in the most severe cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a fluoride varnish application as a caries prevention method for clinical orthodontics. The experiment analyzed dental enamel adjacent to orthodontics accessories after treatment. In addition, it was observed the calcium, phosphorus and fluoride contents on enamel treated with a fluoride varnish. The results showed that fluoride varnish application is a simple and fast technique that could be useful in preventing enamel demineralization associated to orthodontic treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant amount of calcium fluoride-like material deposited on enamel and energy dispersive x-ray analysis demonstrated a large incorporation of calcium and fluoride to the enamel of the treated specimens. It was concluded that fluoride varnish could indeed be considered an efficient preventive method to enhance enamel resistance against the cariogenic challenges during orthodontic therapy.

Durante as etapas de processamento mineral, na maioria dos casos, há o envolvimento de suspensões - misturas de minério fino com uma fase líquida. Logo, as operações de processo são influenciadas pela resistência dessas suspensões em se deformar ou fluir, quando submetidas a forças de cisalhamento ou pressão, ou seja, a viscosidade da suspensão influenciará nas etapas de processamento. Nesse trabalho, será feita uma revisão sobre reologia de suspensões e o processamento mineral. Serão abordados aspectos conceituais sobre reologia de suspensão e suas variáveis, classificação reológica dos fluidos e determinações de viscosidade através do viscosímetro rotacional de cilindro concêntrico.

Mineral processing is often carried out on suspensions (usually a mixture of solid particles and liquid). The process is influenced by the resistance to flow resulting from a shear stress or pressure applied in the fluid (suspension). Therefore, the viscosity of suspensions will affect the mineral process. This paper reviews the applications of rheology in mineral processing. This review focuses on conceptual aspects such as fluid classification, variable of rheology and measurements with concentric viscometer.

Carbonado, uma variedade policristalina do diamante, tem sua gênese alvo de intensas controvérsias. A discussão das principais hipóteses propostas para a questão, em associação com o enquadramento geológico das sequências pré-cambrianas que portam o material na serra do Espinhaço, parece favorecer uma dessas hipóteses. Na mesma, os microcristais que compõem o carbonado se formariam ordinariamente no manto, seriam trazidos para a crosta junto com os diamantes monocristalinos encontrados nessas sequências e, em estágio posterior, se agregando num ambiente sedimentar rico em material radioativo.

Carbonado, a polycrystalline diamond variety, has a very controversial genesis. The geologic setting of the carbonado-bearing precambrian sequences in the Serra do Espinhaço, and other aspects regarding the genesis, seem to favor one specific hypothesis: the mycrocrystals that make up the carbonado could have been formed by the "usual" way within the mantle and were brought up to the crust together with large diamond crystals found in the same sequences; in a later stage, the mycrocrystals formed aggregates in a radioactive-rich sedimentary environment.